An Ethnographic Study of Well- being of Dinka Refugee Women

An Ethnographic Study of Well- being of Dinka Refugee Women soft CritiqueArticle Title Well-being of Dinka Refugee Women of Southern SudanSalima ShamsIntroduction This paper would critique soft article title Well- Being of Dinka Refugee Women of Southern Sudan (Baird Boyle, 2012). Primary author of the ingest Baird is professionally an ARNP/CNS (Advance Registered Nurse Practioner/ Clinical Nurse Specialist), and in like manner CTN Certified transcultural Nurse. Second investigator is also a nurse and has done MPH following her RN and both of the investigators had owned PhD degree. The major strength of the convey is that police detectives pass on evaluated cultural themes in their study of the cultural sharing group. harmonise to (Le Compte, Millroy, Preissle, 1992 cited by Creswell 2007) themes may include such topics as enculturation, socialising, learning, cognition, domination, inequality, or child and adult phylogeny (p.71). Moreover, they go for interconnected these themes with participant well-being therefore, it has held my interest into it. Moreover, language of the article is easy to follow. The major area of improvement is that at many instances, I regain article lacks clarity and factual accuracy.The Problem Research problem seems significant to nursing as it is concern with individuals (refugee) wellness and well- being. Moreover, significance of the problem to nursing has also been mentioned by researchers. Authors mystify a bun in the oven mentioned study participants, and study questions. Purpose of the study is also tell by the authors but they considernt mentioned key study variable star well-being in it (Polit Beck, 2012). Problem statement of the study has been progressively developed through with(predicate) highlighting (problem identification/ introduction, Background, scope and consequences of the problem, knowledge gap, and proposed solution). The benefits of present study were stated clearly that is it will help in im proving current nursing practices offered to refugee women ( books review parting, para. 6). Authors seaportt mentioned any limitations of their study in the article. General assumptions of the hypothetic framework have been utilized in the current study. Moreover, philosophical assumptions of qualitative and ethnographic research can easily be viewed in the article (Polit Beck, 2012). However, at few instances I have to infer such as whether phenomena has been viewed holistically or not.Review of the Literature Literature has been comprehensively reviewed, synthesized well and logically presented by the researchers. The authors have summarized studies that address phenomena of well-being in refugee women. However, it would have been better, if further empirical literature specific to African refugee women would have been added. Authors have identified knowledge gap in the literature (Literature Review section, para.6). Moreover, majority of literature shared in the article was p araphrased and taken from primary sources. With that, majority of literature in literature review section except one, is recent that is within 10 years time when current study would have been started. Theoretical work has also been included by researcher in the article. However, divinatory work should have been further expanded for example, conceptual definition of well-being should have been added. Additionally, another question could also be generated from literature review, such as, evaluation of the study participants social factors (Literature Review section, Para. 5) that hinder in refugee women resettlement and on their well-being.Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework Middle range opening of renewals has been used as a theoretical guide for the current study (refer to appendix A and B) but no conceptual framework has been illustrated in the article. Qualitative studies utilize framework to create boundaries for the study, and framework helps in literature review, entropy ord er of battle, analysis and presentation of findings (Ryan, Coughian, Cronin, 2007). Though, framework has not been adequately utilized and described by authors in their research. For example, they have not integrated pattern and properties mentioned in the physical model in their study. Moreover, they have only talked about three type of passageway in present study (developmental, situational and health- illness) but have not talked about organizational transition in present study. Justification has been provided for the use of specific theoretical framework Three types of individual transitions. as well as after their settlement (Baird Boyle, 2012, pp.15-16). Furthermore, it is evident from the research article that the framework has guided researcher in identification of study population, main themes for entropy analysis and presentation of findings (Ryan, Coughian, Cronin, 2007).Population and Sampling Authors have clearly defined target population refugee women . asylum to the coupled States (Purpose of study section, p.14). Although it is one of the qualitative study project (ethnography) in which researcher describes and interprets shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, belief and language of culture sharing group (Creswell, 2007, p. 68) and end is not the generalizability but to fully identify the pattern. So, adequate info entreaty is an important factor, in present study there were 10 study participants. According to Creswell (2007) An ethnographer is interested in examining theses shared patterns and the unit of analysis is larger than the 20 or so individuals (p.68). To maintain variability of the sample, subjects with diverse characteristics were included in the study (Refer sample section). Yet, researchers havent encountered any negative case and they have also not described participant endurance criteria. The method of sampling for the (subject) selection was through church, and by snowball. Following it purposive sampling for subject selection has been done and it is aligned with qualitative study design. Purposive sampling method provides probability for theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling means selecting subjects who represent the important characteristics that researchers consider of interest to the study (Pidgeon Henwood, 1996) or intentionally adding of outliers case in the study (Barbour, 2001). However, sampling method for the setting has not been described and majority of interview took place at participants homes and observations at church.Research Design Ethnography study design has been used in the study. Study Design seems appropriate in regard to purpose of study as it is looking at behavior modifications/ value renewal in study participants and interpreting these modifications in relation to participants own culture. Webster dictionary define behavior as anything that an organism does involving action or the way in which something functions or operates. These behavioral (func tion) modifications have occurred in study participants because of the shift in their value system and individual learn values through their family/ society culture, socialization and through cognitive advancement. In nutshell, if we understand individual behavior, then we ultimately understand individual culture. Additionally, study is also highlighting intra- family and intra- community issue of power, foeman and dominance. However, I feel that questions that have been formulated are not according to study design. They are more providing understanding for phenomological research. Authors have describe participant characteristics and the context of study hence, study is transferable/ replicable (Konradsen, Kirkevold, Olson, 2013).Data Collection Interview, observations, field notes have used as a data collection strategy. Researcher have mentioned that the data collection methods are in accordance with ethnographic research (Baird Boyle, Method section, 2012, p. 16) however, ha vent rationale the use of selected method. Interview method of data collection seems appropriate in relation to study question as study aimed at understanding experience of resettlement of refugee women. However, if other method (artifacts) of ethnographic data collection has been added, then it would have further enriched the data (Creswell, 2007, p.120).Protection of Human Rights Authors have taken permission from University institutional review board. It is mentioned in the article that the participants were approached through church congregation and by snow ball sampling technique. Therefore, it indicates that people might had come forward and participated voluntarily into it. Although the researchers havent overtly tell informed consent was taken but they have mentioned that approval has been taken from the board, it implies that informed consent would have been taken place. Study doesnt appear to be a case of deception. It is not mentioned in the article the time at which ind ividual participant consent would have taken place but send agreement was obtained prior to review board approval. Since the sample size is small therefore, one can easily identify participant who is divorced or the States citizenship holder. Maximum benefit to participant has been maintained by researcher through participatory action research (PAR) project. Moreover, time provided for the study was compensated with money.Analysis Researchers have generally explained method of data analysis which gives impression that editing style of data analysis have been used (Polit Beck, 2004). Nevertheless, they should have provided details of raw data so that theoretical connectedness of data to themes could have been evaluated (Burns and Grove, 2001). Method of data analysis fit with level of inquiry, but since middle range theory of transition was used as a framework. Therefore, they should have used deductive approach for surfeit/ data analysis following editing style of data analysis. Authors have in-cooperated participant words to support themes but havent inco-operated field notes along with participants transcriptions. However, at few instances explanation provided under the themes titled standing on our own two legs and Hope for the future is not coherent with its title. For example, several of them identified role models on television.woman (Baird Boyle, Finding section, 2012, p. 18).Rigor The data collection methods are reliable and verifiable as interpreter and audiotaped have been utilized. Moreover, time allocation for interview was appropriate, longitudinal, with the interval of 2-5 month apart. However, adequate details of the interview questions (structured/ unstructured) have not been provided. It has been mentioned in the article that reliability was established through consensual validation with an experienced qualitative researcher. Moreover, validation of analysis is also done by study participants and primary interpreter. There is no notificati on of discrepant result in the article. Very scarcely researchers have present (etic) perspective in the article. Moreover, researchers havent shared their reflexivity in the article.Conclusion and Recommendation All three themes that have emerged at the end of data analysis were discussed in finding section in relation to study questions. Conclusion that has been presented in the article is stated as refugee women as strong, resilient, and capable of being responsible for their own and health and well-being and this is justifiable to the findings of the study. The recommendation for nursing practice includes providing culturally competent interventions to promote health and well-being of refugee women and for future research studies authors have suggested to evaluate the phenomena in voluntary immigrants or undocumented workers. Recommendation for nursing practice is supported by the study results. I feel that transferability of the findings in Pakistani setting greatly depends on the geographical location because there is high inter and intra province variations in women status throughout the country.Appendix ARetrieved from, http//www.adolescenciaesaude.com/imagebank/images/en_v9n3a04Appendix BRetrieved from http//jsn.sagepub.com/content/17/6/300/F1.large.jpg